Amazon recommendations drive millions of dollars of book purchases every single day, and Also Boughts are central to this system, which can lead to panic when they periodically disappear.
Also Boughts play an important role in Amazon recommendations — that process of pairing books to readers like some literary version of Tinder — but the exact role in Amazon’s recommender system can be misunderstood.
So let’s break it all down today. I’ll show you the exact role Also Boughts play in Amazon recommendations, and why you need to protect yours.
- What Are Also Boughts?
- How Amazon Recommendations Work
- Product Connections vs. Similar People
- Also Bought Myths & Benefits
- Personal or Contextual Recommendations
- Also Bought Pollution
- How To Protect Your Also Boughts
- When Gaming The System Goes Wrong
- Takeaway: Amazon Has Been Decoded
What Are Also Boughts?
Also Boughts reflect the other purchases your readers are making, and also influence which readers Amazon recommends books to next. As a result, Also Boughts have become the focus of attention among savvy self-publishers in recent years.
You can view them on any book’s product page on Amazon. You may have noticed a strip of books underneath the product description. It’s the section headlined with “Customers who bought this item also bought” which looks like this:
The Also Bought strip doesn’t update as frequently as some parts of the Kindle Store. It usually refreshes twice a week, on Thursday and Sunday evenings; they are an up-to-date indication of how Amazon views your book.
Experienced self-publishers watch Also Boughts closely. Amazon’s system is always trying to determine what kind of products each individual customer is most likely to purchase, so it can make better recommendations. One thing which is super important in this process is the connection between products. People who buy printers tend to buy ink.
Predicative recommendations
But it’s not just obvious pairings like leathers and feathers. Amazon’s system is constantly analyzing what everyone purchases. It then tries to predict what customers will buy next by crunching All The Data.
The net effect when it comes to authors is this. If your book appears in the Also Boughts of a book in your niche which is selling well, this can lead to a noticeable increase in sales. Conversely, if something goes wrong with your Also Boughts, it can lead to a measurable dip.
It was understandable that authors would begin worrying when Amazon seemed to remove Also Boughts from book pages. Some even claimed that Amazon would stop recommending books organically, restricting visibility to those paying for Amazon Ads.
But that’s not how the recommender system works. And I can show you exactly what I mean.
How Amazon Recommendations Really Work
Amazon makes millions of book recommendations to readers every single day. On-site, in various slots around the Kindle Store, and by email as well. These recommendations take many different forms.
Some Amazon recommendations are very top-down. But most are either personalized for each individual reader, or contextual — based on what the reader is viewing at that moment. Or the place they are in the Kindle Store. Even an action they just performed. All this is unaffected by Also Boughts disappearing from book pages.
Let me give you an example.
During the research process for my book Amazon Decoded, I conducted a number of revealing experiments.
Closing the next sale
Have you ever noticed what happens when you buy a book in the Kindle Store? Specifically, have you noticed what happens on-screen afterwards? Amazon never misses a trick and as soon as you complete payment, a confirmation screen appears recommending more books.
Amazon is split-testing things all the time. You may see this play out slightly differently each time you purchase a book. Commonly, you will see Amazon push the book in the #1 Also Bought slot pretty hard.
(Unless there is an audiobook edition which is Whispersynced, then Amazon will often favor that recommendation instead. It can experiment with other approaches, such as a carousel of books. But this will also be heavily influenced by the Also Boughts of what you just purchased.)
(Assuming your Book 2 is that #1 Also Bought, of course, and that your series metadata is in perfect shape.)
This is the kind of thing that doesn’t happen so much on the other retailers; they simply don’t have recommender systems as sophisticated as that powering the millions of Amazon recommendations every day.
Other retailers do have rudimentary recommendation engines. But Amazon is quite literally years ahead of the competition; it doesn’t feel like that gap is closing because different philosophies are in play.
Product Connections vs. Similar People
The research process for Amazon Decoded unearthed some fascinating information about recommender systems generally and the associated data-crunching, machine learning, AI, algorithms – that big system for pairing readers with books they will love.
I learned how Amazon’s recommendation engine was the first to really map out connections between products, rather than people. How this was a great leap forward in the efficacy of recommender systems generally – to the extent that it is still studied by academics almost twenty years later, as well as by companies like Netflix, busy building their own such systems.
How are Also Boughts connected?
And here’s the pertinent bit. The process described above of “checkout recommendations” is completely unaffected by whether Also Boughts are at the top of your book’s product page in prime position, or if they are shunted down to the bottom of the page where most readers won’t see them, or if they are gone temporarily, or even if they are axed permanently.
The status of Also Boughts on your book’s page does not affect the underlying recommendation engine one bit. And these Amazon recommendations are what drive so many of our sales — probably most of the sales we aren’t directly responsible for ourselves, with our own marketing.
This is why any marketing push seems to go further on Amazon, versus other retailers, and why marketing campaigns tend to have a much longer “halo effect” on Amazon — even accounting for relative size. And this is why it’s often far easier for newer authors to bootstrap their way to success in the Kindle Store than anywhere else.
Also Bought Myths & Benefits
A common misconception is that it is the Also Boughts themselves – the strip of books on your product page – driving those sales and recommendations. However, it’s the underlying system, those connections mapped out between books, which is what triggers Amazon to often recommend Debbie Macomber to a reader after she purchases Nora Roberts.
This process doesn’t stop just because Also Boughts go away, the whole recommendation engine makes millions of suggestions to readers every single day and that system doesn’t come to a shuddering halt because Amazon wants to tinker with that slot on our book pages; I suggest that authors stop fretting about the general status of Also Boughts.
Of course, it would be better if Amazon would stop messing with Also Boughts altogether — I’m certainly not claiming otherwise.
Amazonian tinkering
The experimentation with this piece of real estate has been relentless, and increasing. I can think of a dozen different things Amazon has tried to shoehorn onto our book’s pages in the place of Also Boughts. Although I should also point out that these experiments have been going on for as long as I can remember – this is not a recent phenomenon, there is just more awareness among writers about Also Boughts these days.
And, yes, I will also grant that there is probably a moderate amount of on-page discovery. I’m sure some readers spot your book in someone else’s Also Boughts and purchase it instead, but also remember that cuts both ways.
Much more importantly, if we look at the typical CTR of an Amazon ad (there’s a wide range here but even a successful ad might be as low as 0.1%), this would seem to strongly indicate that the amount of on-page discovery that happens via Also Boughts has been greatly overstated.
Personal vs. Contextual Recommendations
Amazon recommends books to readers in many different ways. Some of those are very generalized, hand-picked recommendations like the Kindle Daily Deals. Others are larger selections of curated deals, which are then sorted algorithmically (like Kindle Monthly Deals, which tend to be sorted by Popularity).
Further types of recommendations are completely contextual – triggered by the category charts a reader regularly views. Or those recommendations which pop up on screen after a purchase. More again are 100% personalized; the books you see recommended to you on the homepage of Amazon are an obvious example.
Let’s be clear: this entire system of recommendations is unaffected by Also Boughts disappearing.
Email recommendations
Amazon makes even more types of recommendations to readers – predominantly in the form of millions of targeted emails. Some of these emails are hyper-personalized in the sense that they are strictly based on your own purchasing habits, or your own browsing habits.
(Indeed, Amazon cycles between the two depending on whether the system thinks your purchase intent is strong, or if you are more at the discovery state of your buyer journey, and it does that by looking at your browsing patterns in quite a sophisticated way.)
Some of those emails will be contextual rather than personalized too – for example Amazon will often recommend you that #1 Also Bought again, around two weeks after your purchase of that original book.
Note that while Amazon does track what you are reading right now on your Kindle, and the pace you are reading it at, it doesn’t yet seem to filter that information into the recommendation engine.
The system isn’t that smart… yet.
How it works today
Instead, you get a cruder form of recommendation, which seems to be mostly based on the time elapsed since your purchase, and is unaffected by something like whether you have finished the original book or not. It just seems to be time-based, rather than personalized or contextual.
Again, the really important thing I’m going to keep stressing: this part of the recommendation engine is completely unaffected by whether Also Boughts are currently appearing on your book’s page. Indeed, the entire recommendation engine is utterly unaffected by Amazon’s tinkering with these Also Boughts.
The mistake people are making is thinking that the importance lies with the Also Boughts themselves, but these are just a visual representation of the system on your page. They are not the system itself.
Also Boughts are just a symbol, if you like.
The true advantages of Also Boughts
Having Also Boughts on your book’s page is nice. They look good – much better than the hodge-podge of Amazon Ads, that’s for sure. Also Boughts bestow a nice dollop of social proof and propel a moderate amount of on-page discovery, as we said earlier. They can help you claw back more of that crucial on-page real estate for you and your books, away from potential distractions like competitors and their Amazon Ads, or anything else that could tempt a reader away from your Buy button.
Also Boughts are desirable in other ways too.
For example, glancing at them on your book’s page is a quick-and-dirty diagnostic tool for your marketing. If they are scrambled, this is often a sign that Amazon has a poor sense of who your reader is, usually because your targeting is wonky and you are sending too many of the wrong people to your book’s page. Which is something you want to avoid.
I get all this. I’m not saying that stuff isn’t important. What I am saying that Also Boughts disappearing is not the crisis it is regularly depicted as. The Amazon recommendation engine is completely unaffected. And that, I respectfully suggest, is the most important thing here.
But the Also Boughts on your book’s page are important in other ways, ones which I do suggest authors should pay attention to.
Also Bought Pollution
Here’s what authors should really be worried about: Also Bought pollution. Because Also Boughts reflect the purchase history of your readers, it’s essential that you only target true readers of your genre.
A common mistake that authors make is getting a lot of friends or family or colleagues to purchase their first book, which is a nice way of showing support, but can really scramble your Also Boughts.
Thanks for nothing, Steve
Let’s say your brother Steve usually reads sword-and-sorcery-type fantasies… but he buys your debut romance novel in support. This simple gesture could confuse Amazon as to who your readers are, hampering its ability to drive new sales. If there are enough Steves in the mix, Amazon may think you have written a very different kind of book. And will recommend you to all the wrong readers.
And if there is one thing Amazon doesn’t like, it’s recommendations which don’t convert into sales. So it will recommend your book less frequently in the future. A key sign that this might be happening to you is if your Also Boughts become scrambled. Watch out for a hodge-podge of books from outside your niche. This is called Also Bought pollution and it can be very difficult to fix.
Whereas if you have clean Also Boughts – where most are from your niche – then you are in much better shape; Amazon is probably recommending your book to the right type of reader.
Two examples should underline just what difference this can make to your book’s fortunes, and your bank balance.
Case Study #1: Escape Velocity Achieved
When I released the second book in a series, it was essential to have the first book in the #1 slot of my Also Boughts. I needed Amazon to recommend Book 2 to whoever purchased Book 1.
To increase the chances of that happening, I ran a sale on Book 1 during the launch of Book 2, which then dutifully appeared in the #1 slot in the Also Boughts. It went on to have an excellent launch; both books continued to feed into the other for several lucrative months.
It doesn’t always go that smoothly.
Case Study #2: The Death Spiral
Several years ago, I was launching a new series and decided to be quite aggressive with Book 1. I priced it at 99¢ and tried to foist it on anyone I could find – including readers of other genres.
Launch week itself went well and I racked up considerable sales. But when the Also Boughts finally kicked in (it takes around 50 sales on Amazon US, less elsewhere), I realized my mistake.
My Also Boughts were filled with off-genre books! Amazon then proceeded to recommend me to all the wrong readers – those who read thrillers and romance.
An impressive launch turned into a dead-cat bounce from which the book struggled to recover. A tough lesson to learn, but a valuable one.
How To Protect Your Also Boughts
Authors shouldn’t panic if Also Boughts get momentarily scrambled. It’s totally normal for Also Boughts to be all over the place for an update or two after your launch. Or after a big spike in downloads, like you might see after a BookBub Featured Deal or a Freebooksy promotion.
Fixing Also Boughts which are permanently scrambled can be very difficult. You need to organize a promotion even bigger than that which scrambled them in the first place. It’s much better to avoid that fate by being disciplined with your marketing.
You should only be aiming your marketing efforts at true readers of your genre; never fool yourself that a broader push outside your genre will work. That fantasy of being a breakout hit like Gone Girl or Ready Player One is dangerous. (And ignores that breakouts tend to dominate their genre before breaking out.)
Reader targeting
This post on the importance of reader targeting goes into that idea in much more detail, but the basic point here is that it’s important to construct marketing plans which work with the Amazon algorithms, rather than against them.
The big takeaway from all this is that you need to find true readers of your niche, and then aim your marketing at them. Exclusively.
Be really careful about “adjacent audiences” as they can be the biggest traps of all. Especially when you are starting out. Don’t target Action & Adventure readers when your novel is at the more literary end of the historical spectrum. Don’t target erotic romance readers when your stuff is sweeter.
Yes, there might be some crossover, but if your Also Boughts get polluted, Amazon can then start recommending you to the wrong readers, which could create a death spiral which it is hard to break.
And the most crucial time to avoid that fate is when your book is first being launched; there is no sales history attached to it yet, and Amazon has no idea yet what kind of book it might be.
Friends and family
When we start out, we’re desperate for sales. We can be overjoyed when Ma purchases our debut, or when a colleague picks up a copy… even though they might be more into mysteries. But that can hurt your book if it happens before you develop a sales history with readers of your genre.
Friends and family can show their support by buying your paperback. Or they can buy your ebook later on. But if your sales are exclusively made up of such purchases at the start, you are courting trouble. Just don’t be tempted into using cheap tricks; they can backfire.
When Gaming The System Goes Wrong
I stumbled across a novel on Amazon some time ago which had shoehorned the phrase “Game of Thrones” into its subtitle.
This is known as title-keyword stuffing. You take what might be a popular search on Amazon and then shove it into your own subtitle… one way or the other. People do this to try and finagle extra visibility with readers searching for something insanely popular, like Game of Thrones.
It’s probably against the Amazon Terms of Service, but that’s not the point here. Rather, it’s about targeting the wrong readers. Because the book using this wheeze was a historical novel. It wasn’t even fantasy.
Now, the ruse didn’t work; this particular book doesn’t appear in the first five pages of searches for “Game of Thrones.” (I gave up after that.) But let’s imagine for a moment it did, and lots of epic fantasy readers had purchased this historical novel.
What would have happened? That’s right, his Also Boughts would have been filled with all the other things that epic fantasy readers buy. Namely, epic fantasy novels. And pretty soon after that, his reviews would be filled with angry readers too.
There is no gimmick that will fix bad Also Boughts. Nor is there one which will fill your Also Boughts with perfect books. You can’t skip the step of crafting a marketing plan. Just make sure it aims at the right readers.
Amazon Has Been Decoded
Amazon Decoded breaks down the secret workings of the Kindle Store in a way that has never been done before. It examines each aspect of the recommendation engine. And shows you how to get Amazon to recommend your book more to readers.
Not only that, it will teach you how to construct marketing campaigns which will trigger recommendations to readers. How to make your book stickier in the charts. And how to launch books in a way that convinces Amazon takes over and does the selling for you.
You can buy it from Amazon, of course. But it’s also available on a wide range of other retailers too. Get purchase links for Amazon Decoded here for your preferred retailer.
Thanks a lot!!!!! In all of my years on the internet this is the FIRST article I read from top to bottom! Every single word in fact! That’s because I am trying to market my first book on Amazon atm. and the topic is rather important related to the browser plugin Also Boughts Downloader by Kindletrends. I am totally new to Amazon.
I have been looking A LOT on “Also bought”, but last week it disappeared totally. When I read your article I can’t figure out for sure if “Also bought” is dead or it maybe has some kind of periodically issue?
Brand new author here. How many sales does it take to establish a sales history in my genre so I know when to open it up to friends and family?
If I recommend books as an Amazon affiliate, should I stick to the genre I write? Could these purchases affect my also boughts?
You mention that if you don’t want your friends and family to pollute your ABs at launch, you can have them but your paperback. Are you saying that this all doesn’t apply to paperbacks? If I’m only releasing my picture book as a paperback, then should I still avoid pushing it on friends and family at launch?
Hi David thanks for the detailed explanation regarding amazon. Just wondering (and this question s slightly off topic) if there is a specific reason you don’t sell your book off your website as well?
I have sold direct from my site in the past and may do so again in special circumstances, but the general reason why I avoid it is simple: selling direct from my site will cannibalize my sales on other platforms. And if you look at Amazon in particular, a sale there will have sale-babies – visibility on Amazon begets sales, which begets further visibility. If I sold direct, my visibility on Amazon would be greatly reduced, Amazon would recommend my book less, and I would make less money. A lot less.
Got it. That makes sense.
That “sale-babies” multiplier effect seems a powerful reason to focus on Amazon sales in particular! Do sales on other platforms cannibalize your Amazon sales as much as direct sales would do? Do other platforms provide some free advertising or a different audience big enough to offset losing the multiplier when some sales resulting from visits to your website go to other platforms you make available?
Excellent article.
Our Also Boughts were messed up with YA Romance/Urban Fantasies when we did a Goodreads Giveaway. Our book is an Epic Fantasy in the Tolkien/Sanderson style. (Multiple threads and a huge cast of characters.) Many YA/Romance/Urban Fantasy readers bought the book which gives additional evidence to your article.
It took months to get this straightened out.
Well done on getting it untangled – can be tricky sometimes. I had a BookBub Featured Deal once on a not-quite-right category, but accepted it as I figured it was better than nothing. Boy, was I wrong. Probably took six months to fix up those Also Boughts.
Interesting observations. Even tho they might not impact recomendation engine, as a reader I find most of the books through Also Boughts and them going away would be really inconvenient for me alone.
If I get sent to a book on Amazon from anywhere else, I usually end up spending few more minutes browsing Also Boughts and sometimes end up in the wormhole…
It amounts to probably 70-80% of my book discovery. Other places on Amazon do not get as much attention. I still think that is a huge loss for authors’ ”organic” reach on Amazon if ABs go away. It’s good that it wont be deadly one and this is somewhat of a relief. But I’m sure I’m not the only one with serious dependence on ABs for book discovery.
It’s hard to know how dependant readers are on Also Boughts. There’s no doubt that some readers use them. But I do doubt that most readers use them in the manner you describe. Still, I will definitely accept that at least a moderate amount of on-page discovery would be lost if they were axed permanently (but, again, remember that cuts both ways and ABs will bleed sales from you sometimes as well as lead people to you).
I can be more certain that *Amazon* knows if readers use them like this, and in what quantities. And I’m also fairly certain that if they really were used by most readers in this manner, they would be far too valuable for Amazon to mess with.
Personally, I strongly suspect that most of what we call “visibility” on Amazon, which is so valuable and drives so many sales, is much more about the millions of targeted book recommendations that are made on site every day, and the millions of targeted book recommendation emails that go out to readers every single day – some of which will be influenced by ABs (or the connections that ABs represent, to be exact), some of which will be more personalized to your buying and browsing history.
That’s my take, at least.
I am sure those recs matter, but say recommendations on homepage, many people don’t even land on homepage. It’s a well known fact in marketing online that people mostly land NOT on a homepage. I rarely look at it.
Email with recommendations, that must be a huge thing for sure. Wouldn’t be surprised if they are on same level with ABs or the only thing to beat them.
But yeah, we’re both speculating at this point. And all logical. So anything is possible.
I guess the closest way we can come to knowing is if authors with big email lists do a poll about this with their readers. That wouldn’t be absolutely data, but at least some ‘more accurate’ direction. Those polls would be cool to see.
As always, appreciating the research! These are useful to read in any case. Happy to drop links to these around.
Was this a free deal or a 99c promo? Are this books in KU or not? My response might be different, depending.
In general though, it’s normal enough to get scrambled Also Boughts after a promo, but they usually right theselves after an update or two.
Glad the blog and NL subscriptions are merging – I was missing some of the blog posts!
A question about Also Boughts after a BookBub featured deal – is there anyway to stop them being completely messed up? I just opened the KIndle app on my Chromebook, not coincidentally to read Following after the blog post and NL nudged me that I hadn’t yet! I notice every single book in one of the recommendation rows based on books I recently bought all had BookBub featured deals in the same week, because the last book I bought was from the BB newsletter. The genres in the recommendations were all over the place! I wonder if this has contributed to less than stellar results after my BB FDs for boxed sets, where it’s more challenging to market next-in-series.
Great Stuff, David. Very helpful. Thanks!
I understand that Amazon’s sophisticated recommendation engine carries on regardless of its shenannigans with the also boughts. But right now I am making a renewed push to create Amazon Ads using the also bought carousel on my book pages as keyword targets.
Luckily that carousel seems to come and go. Yesterday it was absent. But the day before it was present on the book for which I wanted to create an ad. (The ad is now serving impressions.)
Still, if the carousel goes away permanently…well, I’ll be disappointed that I know longer have that as a resource for targeting. Just sayin’. 😉
Oh for sure. But that’s more of a “nice to have” than the mission-critical worry that Also Boughts can sometimes inspire. My point is that the truly critical stuff is unaffected.
Btw – check down the bottom of the page. Sometimes Also Boughts get shoved down there.